تأجيج

قبل عشر سنوات، في 30 أيلول/ سبتمبر 2015،&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/putin-airstrikes-syrian-war-assad-ukraine/">شنّت</a> روسيا حملة قصف جوّي مدمّرة في سوريا.<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://saby.ru/profile/9909438091-390651001"> في اليوم نفسه</a>&nbsp;،&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://saby.ru/profile/9909438091-390651001">أنشأت</a> شركة&nbsp;دان بانكرينغ (Dan-Bunkering) الدنماركية مكتباُ مسجلاً قانونيا ًكممثل للشركة في كالينينغراد، والذي قام بإبرام 33 صفقة تتعلق ببيع وتسليم ما مجموعه 172,000 طن من وقود الطائرات إلى وكيلين عامين للبحرية الروسية.لاحقاً، تم إعادة بيع وقود الطائرات هذا إلى الجيش الروسي ونقله إلى ميناء بانياس في سوريا. بعد <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/03_TRIAL_UJAR_2025_FINAL_DIGITAL.pdf">التعديلات</a> التي أدخلت هذا العام على القانون الجنائي، حان الوقت لكي تقوم الدنمارك بمعاينة شاملة لمسؤوليتها عن الجرائم الدولية المرتكبة في سوريا.

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الصراع

هل يمكن أن تتحمل شركة دنماركية المسؤولية الجنائية عن الغارات الجوية الروسية في سوريا؟

مستشفى القدس

Mnemonic - Syrian Archive - Al Quds hospital - Investigation report v.1.0 PUBLIC - AR.pdf

خلال&nbsp;ساعات الصباح المزدحمة من يوم 27 أيار/مايو 2016، بينما كان الفرن ساخناً وخط الإنتاج نشطاً، ضربت غارة جوية&nbsp;المخبز الوحيد الذي يخدم سكان حريتان، وهي بلدة تقع شمالي مدينة حلب، ما أدّى إلى اشتعال&nbsp; النيران في المخبز وتدميره.&nbsp;قُتل ما لا يقل عن سبعة أشخاص وأصيب ثلاثة آخرون في المكان. وفي وقت لاحق من اليوم نفسه، عثر أعضاء فريق الإنقاذ المحلي ”الخوذ البيضاء“ على بقايا ذخائر عنقودية موجّهة حرارياً من نوع "SPBE" في عدة مواقع حول البلدة. وهذه الذخائر الروسية الصنع بالتحديد، لم يُبلغ عن استخدامها&nbsp; في سوريا قبل التدخل العسكري الروسي في النزاع.

مخبز

Mnemonic - Syrian Archive - Hraytan bakery - Investigation report v.1.0 PUBLIC - AR.pdf

مجمع مدارس

Mnemonic - Syrian Archive - Hass school...report v.1.0 PUBLIC - AR - SIZED.pdf

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Could a Danish Company be Criminally Liable for Russian Airstrikes in Syria?

Fuelling the Conflict

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<h2>About this website</h2>This website was produced by Syrian Archive as part of a wider accountability project. For more information, please see the acknowledgements below.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>About the legal filing</h2>Seven survivors and family members of victims of airstrikes in Syria have filed a criminal complaint in Denmark calling on the authorities to assess the possible complicity of Dan-Bunkering in war crimes and crimes against humanity for supplying jet fuel to Russian forces that was used in unlawful airstrikes against civilians in Syria.&nbsp;More information about the filing is available&nbsp;in the <a href="https://syrianarchive.org/en/datasets/jet-fuel/press-release/">press release</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>About the published incident investigations</h2>The specific open source tools and methods used in the three incident investigations accessible via this website are described in the reports themselves. These three incidents were selected for in-depth, open source investigation from among a shortlist of incidents compiled according to the following characteristics.&nbsp;Timing of the incident: November 2015 to June 2017.&nbsp;Type of incident: Airstrikes impacting civilians, civilian objects, and specially protected people and objects under the&nbsp;<a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1">laws of armed conflict</a>. Or, airstrikes using illegal and/or potentially illegal weapons (e.g., cluster munitions, chemical weapons).&nbsp;&nbsp;Responsible party: Russian or, in the alternative, Syrian armed forces.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Availability of online information: Conducting a rigorous open source investigation requires sufficient availability of relevant and reliable online information.&nbsp;Most essentially, the shortlist of incidents was considered alongside the availability and interest of&nbsp;individuals with legal standing as victims to file a case in Denmark. The filing is by and for the people impacted by airstrikes in Syria.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>About the dataset</h2>For this project the Syrian Archive team preserved and analysed 1,298 open source materials documenting 583 airstrikes attributed to Russian forces between November 2015 and June 2017.&nbsp;For almost half of these incidents, 223, the collected open source materials include direct documentation of impacts to apparent civilians, civilian objects, and/or specially protected people and objects under the laws of armed conflict.&nbsp;Given that online, open source information commonly depicts only part of the full scope of events on the ground, this is likely an underestimate of civilian impacts that can be linked to these incidents.&nbsp;All documentation in this <a href="https://syrianarchive.org/en/data-archive/?dataset=syria_23&amp;type=incidents">dataset</a> has been independently examined by Syrian Archive researchers and structured into a standardised and searchable data ontology. Additional descriptive information is provided to support the research of journalists, lawyers, human rights monitors and investigators for their pursuit of evidence-based reporting, advocacy and accountability. While examining the materials, the team manually annotated the incident dataset to flag and highlight key information depicted. More specifically, this dataset’s tagging system was designed to facilitate potential case scoping according to the above-listed criteria.&nbsp;&nbsp;For a detailed description and tag definitions, see&nbsp;<a href="https://cms.syrianarchive.org/uploads/Syrian_Archive_Jet_Fuel_Dataset_Tagging_Guide_v_1_0_PUBLIC_EN_e96e27b993.pdf">The Jet Fuel Dataset Tagging Guide</a>.<a href="https://cms.syrianarchive.org/uploads/Syrian_Archive_Jet_Fuel_Dataset_Tagging_Guide_v_1_0_PUBLIC_EN_e96e27b993.pdf">Syrian Archive - Jet Fuel Dataset - Tagging Guide v.1.0 PUBLIC EN.pdf</a>&nbsp;The sheer amount of content being created and the near constant removal of materials from public channels means that Syrian Archive is in a race against time to preserve this important documentation. While we strive to work with key tech platforms to restore important human rights documentation and evidentiary material, you may nevertheless come across broken links when searching this dataset.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>About the Russian Airstrikes Database (2018)</h2>Syrian Archive initially published its&nbsp;<a href="https://syrianarchive.org/en/datasets/russian-airstrikes/">Russian Airstrikes Database</a> in October 2018. With this project we began updating the tagging system for the dataset, starting with the November 2015 to June 2017 excerpt.&nbsp;&nbsp;In the seven years since Syrian Archive’s Russian Airstrikes Database was initially published, our archive of open source human rights documentation has grown substantially from approximately 3.3 million to over 6 million materials. Our methods and tools have also advanced, in collaboration with our partners in the open source research field of practice. Our commitment to documenting and supporting advances in accountability for unlawful airstrikes in Syria remains the same.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>Confidential and sensitive data withheld from publication</h2>This dataset and the investigation reports have been made publicly available to support justice and accountability for human rights violations and other serious crimes in Syria. While Syrian Archive strives to be detailed and transparent in our work and presentation process, we have taken into account the need to protect documenters and other community members impacted by these attacks. Taking these interests seriously, there is some content we have deemed too sensitive for inclusion in the public dataset that has been withheld to protect the security and comfort of our sources and their communities.&nbsp;&nbsp;The types of materials withheld from publication include, for example: graphic content, all currently offline footage, content that may increase risks to individuals or sensitive locations if republished, content that shows individuals against their will (e.g., footage in which people can be heard saying “please do not film this” or similar statements), content that exposes personal information, and footage of children, detained individuals, or survivors of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>About Syrian Archive</h2><a href="https://syrianarchive.org/">Syrian Archive</a> is an archiving and research programme that was created and built out of necessity, by and for Syrians, to ensure no voice is lost to time or violence. We undertake targeted archiving of open source information at the scale of millions of media items, using a methodology that meets evidentiary standards. Syrian Archive unites investigative, legal and technological expertise with methodological rigour to make concrete and strategic contributions to accountability efforts. We approach this work with a humble, open, and collaborative spirit, led by and in solidarity with the Syrian people.&nbsp;&nbsp;The methodology and infrastructure built by Syrian Archive is the foundation for&nbsp;<a href="https://mnemonic.org/">Mnemonic</a>. Mnemonic hosts and manages the following research programmes: Syrian Archive, Yemeni Archive, Sudanese Archive, Ukrainian Archive, and Rapid Response.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>Acknowledgements</h2>Syrian Archive wishes to first and foremost acknowledge the survivors, victims, and the families of victims of airstrikes in Syria who are still waiting for reparation and justice.&nbsp;Syrian Archive also wishes to acknowledge the documenters who have and who still continue to work on the ground in Syria. This dataset and the information it contains would not exist but for the dedicated activists, journalists, and others who have documented and are still documenting grave crimes and human rights violations in Syria. Our work takes their lead and exists only because they believe in accountability for the terrible harms they witness.&nbsp;Finally, the Syrian Archive team wishes to acknowledge and thank our partners in this work. The wider accountability project has been carried out in coalition with several partners. The&nbsp;<a href="https://scm.bz/en/">Syrian Center for Media and Freedom of Expression (SCM)&nbsp;</a>provided evidentiary materials and all witness testimonies included in the complaint.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.actionforsama.com/">Action for Sama</a> compiled and shared evidence about the April 2016 incident impacting Al Quds Hospital and the hospital's operations more generally. All of these efforts were done with significant support from the team at&nbsp;<a href="https://inter-just.org/">InterJust</a>, formerly with the&nbsp;<a href="https://cfj.org/">Clooney Foundation for Justice</a>. For important documentation contributions we thank the archiving team at&nbsp;<a href="https://whitehelmets.org/">The White Helmets Foundation</a>. We also take this opportunity to express our appreciation and admiration for all who have contributed their advice and time to this project.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>Errors, corrections, and feedback</h2>Syrian Archive strives for accuracy and transparency of process in our reporting and presentation. That said, the information publicly available for particular events can, at times, be limited. Our investigations and datasets represent our best present understanding of the collected information at the time of publication. If you have new information about a particular event, if you find an error in our work, or if you have concerns about the way we are reporting our data: please do engage with us. You can reach us at info@syrianarchive.org.

Fuelling the Conflict - Methodology

<h2>Syrian survivors and victims’ families file landmark case against Danish company for its potential involvement in war crimes</h2>Odense, Denmark: [27 -11- 2025] Seven survivors and family members of victims of airstrikes in Syria have filed a criminal complaint in Denmark calling on the authorities to assess the possible complicity of Dan-Bunkering – currently restructuring as ‘Fueling Maritime’ –&nbsp; in war crimes and crimes against humanity for supplying jet fuel to Russian forces that was used in unlawful airstrikes against civilians in Syria. The complaint was prepared and filed with the support of The Syrian Center for Media and Freedom of Expression (SCM), Syrian Archive and Action for Sama (AFS) and on the basis of years-long efforts to investigate and document the impacts of airstrikes in Syria while Dan-Bunkering was trading in jet fuel.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In 2021, Bunker Holding and its subsidiary Dan-Bunkering were prosecuted for breaching international sanctions by supplying two Russian companies acting as general agents for the Russian military with approximately 172,000 metric tons of jet fuel between 2015 and 2017 — through 33 shipments worth around USD 94 million — an amount sufficient to fuel more than 30,000 sorties. These transactions happened during a time when Russian and allied forces were conducting airstrikes on essential civilian infrastructure including schools (such as Hass School), hospitals (including Al-Quds and Al-Sakhour hospitals in Aleppo), and residential neighborhoods (including one strike that hit a bakery in Hraytan). Between 2015 and 2017, this aerial bombing campaign killed and injured thousands of civilians and extensively destroyed civilian infrastructure protected under international humanitarian law.The 2021 sanctions trial confirmed that the fuel sold and transported through the company’s operations was more than sufficient to have fuelled all Russian military aircraft sorties in Syria during the relevant time period.&nbsp; However, the scope of that trial did not extend to examining the company’s potential liability for any unlawful airstrikes conducted in that time.The filing asks for a thorough investigation to be initiated and that – should their criminal responsibility be determined – the Danish authorities hold the company, relevant management, and employees accountable for enabling unlawful attacks that formed part of a widespread military campaign against Syrian civilians.The organizations supporting this filing stress that holding private companies accountable for their roles in armed conflicts is essential to achieving justice for victims, preventing impunity, and deterring prioritization of profit over the lives of civilians.&nbsp;This filing and the underlying evidence demonstrate that jet fuel was not a neutral commodity, but a critical enabler of a devastating aerial bombing campaign against Syrian civilians.“Myself, my family, and my colleagues directly experienced the effects of all of the many decisions over time that led to hundreds of hospital attacks throughout the Syrian conflict. At Al Quds Hospital in April 2016, we were doing the essential and serious work of providing medical care to people living through conflict, of saving lives. Any person or business proven to be responsible for putting this work at risk must be held accountable for their decisions.” — Dr. Hamza al-Kateab, CEO of Action For Sama and manager of Al Quds Hospital at the time of the 27 April 2016 incident included in the filing."True justice is not achieved merely by establishing responsibility, but by ensuring that Syrian victims and the Syrian state receive their full right to compensation and reparations. Companies that contributed — directly or indirectly — to enabling crimes against civilians must bear their legal and moral responsibility, including compensating for the lives lost and the infrastructure destroyed."&nbsp;— Mazen Darwish, Director of the Syrian Center for Media and Freedom of Expression (SCM).The organizations supporting this effort call on the Danish authorities and the European Union to:<ul><li>Launch a thorough investigation into Dan-Bunkering’s potential complicity including any possible individual responsibility on the part of its executives and employees;</li><li>Strengthen oversight of the energy and maritime shipping sectors to prevent their use or potential use in enabling international crimes;</li><li>Reinforce accountability mechanisms to ensure that corporate profits never come at the expense of human lives and international law.</li></ul>&nbsp;For the full story, visit:&nbsp;<a href="http://syrianarchive.org/en/datasets/jet-fuel/summary/">Fuelling the Conflict: Could a Danish Company be Criminally Liable for Russian Airstrikes in Syria?</a>&nbsp;For press inquiries, contact:<a href="mailto:ek@rosenbergkhawaja.dk">ek@rosenbergkhawaja.dk</a> (Rosenberg Khawaja Law Firm / Eddie Omar Rosenberg Khawaja, legal counsel for the filing parties)<a href="mailto:hanan.alhabach@scm.ngo">hanan.alhabach@scm.ngo</a>&nbsp; (SCM)<a href="mailto:hello@actionforsama.com">hello@actionforsama.com</a> (Action For Sama)<a href="mailto:info@syrianarchive.org">info@syrianarchive.org</a> (Syrian Archive)

Fuelling the Conflict - Press Release

Fuelling 

Ten years ago, on 30 September 2015, Russia&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/putin-airstrikes-syrian-war-assad-ukraine/">launched</a> a devastating aerial bombing campaign in Syria.&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://saby.ru/profile/9909438091-390651001">That same day</a>, Danish company Dan-Bunkering&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://saby.ru/profile/9909438091-390651001">established</a> a legally-registered representative in Kaliningrad that would go on to conduct 33 transactions involving the sale and delivery of a total of 172,000 tonnes of jet fuel to two general agents of the Russian Navy. Jet fuel which was subsequently resold to the Russian military and transported to Port Banias in Syria. Following this year’s <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/03_TRIAL_UJAR_2025_FINAL_DIGITAL.pdf">revisions to the Criminal Code</a>, it is time for Denmark to fully examine Danish responsibility for international crimes committed in Syria.

the Conflict

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Security camera footage captured the moment during the night of 27 April 2016 when an explosion blasted through Al Quds Hospital in Aleppo City, killing patients and hospital staff. At least three airstrikes hit Al-Sukkari neighborhood that night: others struck a nearby school and a nearby building where some hospital staff reportedly lived with their families. Key characteristics of this incident – a nighttime airstrike, apparent targeting of a hospital in opposition-held territory, and plain rejection by the Russian Ministry of Defense of eyewitness testimony and verifiable documentation as “fake” – corroborate claims that Russian air forces are responsible for the attack.

Al Quds Hospital

Syrian Archive - Al Quds hospital - Investigation report v.1.0 PUBLIC EN SIZED.pdf

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During the busy morning hours of 27 May 2016 – while the oven was hot and the production line active – an airstrike hit the only bakery serving the population of Hraytan, a town outside of Aleppo City. The bakery was engulfed in flames and destroyed. At least seven people were killed and three injured on site. Later that day, members of the local White Helmets rescue team recovered heat-seeking, SPBE cluster submunition remnants from multiple locations around town. No use of this Russian-made munition in Syria had been reported prior to Russia’s military intervention in the conflict.

Bakery

Syrian Archive - Hraytan bakery - Investigation report v.1.0 PUBLIC EN SIZED.pdf

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During Wednesday morning classes on 26 October 2016, airstrikes hit three school campuses in the town of Hass in Idlib. Online footage linked to this incident documents the slow fall of parachutes ending in explosions and at least 18 child victims, eight deceased and 10 injured. It also documents a plane used by both the Russian and Syrian air forces flying overhead around the time of the school bombings.